Flight energetics in sphinx moths: heat production and heat loss in Hyles lineata during free flight.

1. Mean thoracic temperature of free-flying H. lineata in the field and in the laboratory increased from about 40 degrees C at Ta=16 degrees C to 42-5 degrees C at Ta=32 degrees C. At a given Ta, thoracic temperature was independent of body weight and weakly correlated with wing loading. 2. The difference between abdominal temperature and air temperature increased from 2 degrees C at low Ta to 4-2 degrees C at high Ta. At a given Ta, the difference between Tab and Ta was positively correlated with thoracic temperature. 3. Oxygen consumption per unit weight did not appear to vary with Ta from 15 to 30 degrees C and was inversely proportional to body weight. 4. Thermal conductance of the abdomen (Cab) was greater than thermal conductance of the thorax (Cth) in still air and at wind velocities up to 2-5 m/s. In moving air at speeds approximating flight, Cth was twice as high as in still air. Under the same conditions Cab was 3-4 times as high as in still air. 5. Thoracic and abdominal conductance are inversely proportional to their respective weights. 6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that thoracic temperature is controlled by regulation of heat loss. However, a heat budget derived from these data suggests that heat dissipation may not be sufficient to offset the decrease in passive cooling of the thorax at high ambient temperatures.